In most aspects of medieval life, the clos

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In most aspects of medieval life, the closed corporation prevailed. But compared to modern life, the medieval urban family was a very open unit: for it included, as part of the normal household, not only relatives by blood but a group of industrial workers as well as domestics whose relation was that of secondary members of family. This held for all classes, for young men from the upper classes got their knowledge of the world by serving as waiting men in a noble family: what they observed and overheard at mealtime was part of their education. Apprentices lived as members of the master craftsman’s family. If marriage was perhaps deferred longer for men than today, the advantages of home life were not entirely lacking, even for the bachelor.
The workshop was a family; likewise the merchant’s counting house. The members ate together at the same table, worked in the same rooms, slept in the same or common hall, converted at night into dormitories, joined in the family prayers, participated in the common amusements.
The intimate unity of domesticity and labour dictated the major arrangement within the medieval dwelling-house itself. Houses were usually built in continuous rows around the perimeter of their gardens. Freestanding houses, unduly exposed to the elements, wasteful of the land on each side, harder to heat, were relatively scarce: even farmhouses would be part of a solid block that included the stables, barns and granaries. The materials for the houses came out of the local soil, and they varied with the region. Houses in the continuous row forming the closed perimeter of a block, with guarded access on the ground floor, served as a domestic wall: a genuine protection against felonious entry in troubled times.
The earliest houses would have small window openings, with shutters to keep out the weather; then later, permanent windows of oiled cloth, paper and eventually glass. In the fifteenth century, glass, hitherto so costly it was used only for public buildings, became more frequent, at first only in the upper part of the window. A typical sixteenth-century window would have been divided into three panels: the uppermost panel, fixed, would be of diamond-parted glass; the next two panels would have shutters that opened inwards; thus the amount of exposure to sunlight and air could be controlled, yet on inclement days, both sets of shutters could be closed, without altogether shutting out our light. On any consideration of hygiene and ventilation this type of window was superior to the all-glass window that succeeded it, since glass excludes the bactericidal ultra-violet rays.

According to the writer, why were there few free-standing houses

A. Building land Was expensive.
B. Such houses were costly to construct.
C. Such houses suffered the effects of bad weather.
D. There was no room left for a garden.

考点:翻译二级笔译(综合能力)翻译二级笔译综合能力
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孕8周时感冒,产前超声检查胎儿心脏见图,最可能的诊断是()。

A.单心室

B.房间隔缺损

C.室间隔缺损

D.大动脉转位

E.正常心脏

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我国“八五”期间国民生产总值年均增长12.0%,其中沿海12省平均增长速度高达16.5%,内陆省(区、市)平均为9.2%。1995年国民生产总值达57650亿元,提前实现了国民生产总值比1980年翻两番的战略目标。全国“七五”期间第一、二、三产业占国民经济总产值比重分别为:26.3%、43.3%、30.4%。“八五”期间第一、二、三产业占国民经济总产值的比重,与“七五”期间相比,第一产业下降了4.9个百分点,第二产业提高了2.7个百分点,第三产业上升了2.2个百分点。

“八五”期间全国第一、二、三产业总值占全国国民经济生产总值的比重有所下降的为:()

A.第三产业

B.第二产业

C.第一产业

D.没有下降的

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大理石板材适用于()

A.室外地面

B.室内墙柱面

C.室内服务台

D.电梯间门口

E.勒脚

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行政监督指的是上级对下级的监督。( )

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浓缩红细胞输注前要摇匀,禁止向袋内加任何药物。

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