防护X射线常用的屏蔽材料有（） A.铅 B.铁 C.混凝土 D.水 E.以上都是

材料一  1859年4月，对奥战争爆发。除法国和撒丁的正规军外，革命家加里波第回国也组织志愿军参加了反奥战斗。……意大利北部和中部各地爱国革命运动迅速高涨。从4月到6月，托斯卡纳、帕尔马、摩德纳先后爆发起义，推翻了当地的封建统治者。

——刘宗绪主编《世界近代史》

材料二 我三大国因此次进行战争之目的，在于制止及惩罚日本侵略，三国决不会自身图利，亦无拓展领土之意。三国之宗旨在剥夺日本自1914年第一次世界大战开始以来在太平洋所夺得的或占领之一切岛屿，在使日本所窃取于中国之领土，例如满洲、台湾、澎湖群岛等归还中华民国。日本亦将被逐出其以暴力或贪欲所攫取之所有土地，我三大盟国轸念朝鲜人民所受之奴役待遇，决定在相当期间，使朝鲜自由独立。

——中美英《开罗宣言》（1943年12月1日）

（1）根据材料一，分析1859年对奥战争取得胜利的原因，并归纳意大利统一战争中所呈现的特点。（10分）

（2）开罗会议是在世界反法西斯战争形势已发生根本转变的形势下召开的，请用具体史实予以说明。根据材料二，简要指出中、美、英三国制止日本侵略的具体目标。（10分）

指出下边解说有误的一项是( )。

A．《草叶集》是自由诗创始人美国诗人惠特曼的作品，名篇有《啊，船长，我的船长》，对我国“五四”以来的新诗影响很大，郭沫若的《女神》在表现手法上，除继承了中国古典诗歌的优良传统外，还吸取了惠特曼自由诗的形式，形成了一种独特的艺术风格，十分流行。

B．《伪君子》 《吝啬鬼》 《唐璜》 《贵人迷》是17世纪法国悲剧作家莫里哀的作品。

C．《玩偶之家》 《人民公敌》是挪威作家易卜生的戏剧。

D．《百万英镑》及名篇《竞选州长》是美国作家马克·吐温的小说。

I don't think there is anything wrong with your blood. The key to your problem is that long nap（打盹,小睡）after dinner. If you didn't sleep for hours during the early part of the evening, you would be more ready to sleep at bedtime. If you didn't nap after dinner, you would not want to stay up so late, and you would not feel the need to take a sleeping pill. The pill is still working in your system when you get up in the morning. This helps account for the fact that you feel tired all day. You should get out of the habit of sleeping during the evening. Right after your evening meal, engage in some sort of physical activity - a sport such as bowling, perhaps. Or get together with friends for an evening of cards and conversation. Then go to bed at your usual time or a little earlier, and you should be able to get a good nights rest without taking a pill.

　　If you can get into the habit of spending your evenings this way, I am sure you will feel less tired during the day. At first it may be hard for you to go to sleep without taking a pill. If so, get up and watch television or do some jobs around your house until you feel sleepy. If you fall asleep and then wake up a few hours later, get up but do not take a sleeping pill. Read a while or listen to the radio, and make yourself a few hours'sleep that night, you will feel better in the morning than you usually feel after taking a pill. The next night you will be ready to sleep at an earlier hour.

　　The most important thing is to avoid taking that nap right after dinner and avoid taking pills.

1. According to the writer, it is difficult for you to go to sleep because　　　　　.

　　A. you get the habit of staying up late      B. you haven't taken sleeping pills

　　C. you sleep for hours after dinner         D. you fail to do some exercises

2. Which of the following is NOT true if you want to get out of the habit of sleeping during the evening?

A. Go to bed earlier than usual. 　　　B. Talk with friends after dinner.

C. Stay with friends after dinner. 　　 D. Do some physical labor. 

3. You feel tired all day probably because　　　　　.

A. you stay up too late 　　　B. you get up too early in the morning

C. you take sleeping pills 　　D. you wake up too frequently at night

4. Which of the following is true according to the passage

A. You mustn't take sleeping pills in order to get a good night's sleep.

B. You should stay up if you want to sleep effectively.

C. Food is necessary at night if you fail to go to sleep.

D. It is very important to get out of the habit of taking a nap after dinner.

5. We may infer that the author is most probably a　　　　　.

A. doctor　　　B. scientist 　　C.  reporter　　 D. professor

Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of pre-industrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions.

The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside.- migrating to the New World was simply a "natural spillover". Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English they would rather have stayed home--by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to the notion that used to flourish in American history textbooks, there was never a typical New World community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably.

Bailyn’s third proposition suggests two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants: one group came as indentured servants, another came to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were driving forces of transatlantic migration, These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to pre-industrial North America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited: by the 1730’s, however, American employers demanded skilled workers.

Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of the Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished university, and published books Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture.

Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they gave up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.

It can be inferred from the text that American history textbooks used to assert that（）

A.many migrants to colonial North America were nor successful financially

B. New England communities were much alike in terms of their economics and demographics

C. many migrants to colonial North America failed to maintain ties with their European relations

D. the level of literacy in New England communities was very high