人类的历史已经表明,科学的进步总是与工具的进步密切相关的。而要进入神奇的纳米世界

题型:单项选择题

问题:

  人类的历史已经表明,科学的进步总是与工具的进步密切相关的。而要进入神奇的纳米世界,我们必须借助目前世界最先进的显微工具,一个能够窥探原子世界、能够排布原子的工具――扫描隧道显微镜(英文缩写为STM)。

  自有人类文明以来,人们就一直为探索微观世界的奥秘而不懈地努力。1674年,荷兰人列文•虎克发明了世界上第一台光学显微镜,并利用这台显微镜首次观察到了血红细胞,从而开始了人类使用仪器来研究微观世界的新纪元。光学显微镜的出现,开阔了人们的观察视野,但是由于受到光波波长的限制,光学显微镜的观察范围只能局限在细胞的水平上,分辨率大约在10-6~10-7米的水平上,人类能否看得更小、更精确一些呢为了达到这个目的,科学家进行了几个世纪不懈的努力。1931年,德国科学家恩斯特•鲁斯卡利用电子透镜可以使电子束聚焦的原理和技术,成功地发明了电子显微镜。电子显微镜一出现即展现了它的优势,电子显微镜的放大倍数提高到上万倍,分辨率达到10-8米。在电子显微镜下,比细胞小得多的病毒也露出了原形,人们的视觉本领得到了进一步的延伸。但是,相对于纳米尺度,所有这些显微镜都还显得太粗糙了,人们盼望着在探索微观世界的历程中再迈出新一步。1981年,世界上第一台具有原子分辨率的扫描隧道显微镜终于诞生了,这项天才的发明被称为“原子世界的眼睛”,通过它,人类得以真正“看到”了原子、分子世界的奇异的情境,在扫描隧道显微镜下,导电物质表面结构的原子、分子状态清晰可见。

  那么,为什么STM有如此高的分辨率呢它是如何工作的为了弄清这个问题,我们先要从隧道效应讲起。在中学时我们就学过,如果在一段导体的两端加上电压,就会有电流流过这个导体;如果把这个导体弄断并分开呢自然就没有电流了。这就是我们所熟悉的电路常识。但是如果我们想象把这断为两截的导体放得非常非常近,比如说距离控制到小于1纳米吧,情况又会怎样呢根据经典电学的常识。你的脑子里也许会反应出,导体没有接上,应该没有电流吧我劝你不要回答得太快,因为奥妙也许就在这里!

  这两截距离小于1纳米的导体能够产生电流,它叫隧道电流,根据量子力学理论的计算和科学实验的证明,当具有电位势差的两个导体之间的距离小到一定程度时,电子将存在一定的几率穿透两导体之间的势垒从一端向另一端跃过,这种电子跃迁的现象在量子力学中被称为隧道效应,而跃迁形成的电流叫做隧道电流。

  扫描隧道显微镜的基本原理就是利用加上高电压的探针与样品,在近距离(<0.1纳米)时产生的隧道电流来“看”原子。要知道,样品的表面在显微镜下实际上是凹凸不平的。而造成其凹凸不平的原因是因为原子的排布不均匀。由于扫描隧道显微镜的探针非常尖锐,通常只有一两个原子那么尖,当探针在样品表面水平方向上有规律地运动时,我们就会发现,与探针相连的电流器会测出探针上电流的变化,这是因为当探针探到样品表面有原子(凸处)的地方,隧道电流就加强,而无原子的地方(凹处)电流就相对弱一些,通过这个微小的变化,科学家就可以通过计算机“看到”原子的存在,也可以通过探针的针尖从样品表面吸起一个原子移到别处,然后撤去电场,让原子落在新位置上。

  有了扫描隧道显微镜,人类就有了观察和排布原子的工具,它为人类打通了通向纳米时代的道路。

第2段中“看到”二字加上引号,对此下面理解正确的一项是()。

A.科学家已经能够用扫描隧道显微镜等仪器窥探到原子世界

B.科学家用扫描隧道显微镜窥探到原子世界的原理与人类通过光学显微镜观察到血红细胞相同

C.科学家并没有真正看到原子世界,而是借助于仪器了解到原子世界

D.科学家并没有真正看到原子世界,而是通过扫描隧道显微镜的探针从物体表面吸起原子移到别处的

考点:国家公务员行政职业能力测试行政职业能力测试
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A. further
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All animals must rest, but do they really sleep as we know it The answer to this question seems obvious. If an animal regularly stops its activities and stays quiet and unmoving—if it looks as though it is sleeping—then why not simply assume that it is in fact sleeping But how can observers be sure that an animal is sleeping

They can watch the animal and notice whether its eyes are open or closed, whether it is active or lying quietly, and whether it responds to light or sound. These factors are important clues, but they often are not enough. Horses and cows, for example, rarely close their eyes, and fish and snakes cannot close them. Yet this does not necessarily mean that they do not sleep. Have you ever seen a cat dozing with an eye partly open Even humans have occasionally been observed to sleep with one or both eyes partially open. Animals do not necessarily lie down to sleep either. Elephants, for example, often sleep standing up, with their tusks resting in the fork of a tree. Finally, while "sleeping" animals often seem unaware of changes in the sounds and light and other stimuli around them, that does not really prove they are sleeping either.

Observations of animal behavior alone cannot fully answer the question of whether or not animals sleep. The answers come from doing experiments in "sleep laboratories" using a machine called the electroencephalograph (EEC). The machine is connected to animals and measures their brain signals, breathing, heartbeat, and muscle activity. The measurements are different when the animals appear to be sleeping than when they appear to be awake. Using the EEC, scientists have confirmed that all birds and mammals studied in laboratories do sleep. There is some evidence that reptiles, such as snakes and turtles, do not truly sleep, although they do have periods of rest each day, in which they are quiet and unmoving. They also have discovered that some animals, like chimpanzees, cats, and moles (who live underground), are good sleepers while others, like sheep, goats, and donkeys, are poor sleepers. Interestingly, the good sleepers are nearly all hunters with resting places that are safe from their enemies. Nearly all the poor sleepers are animals hunted by other animals: they must always be watching for enemies, even when they are resting.

The statement, "Horses and cows, for example, rarely close their eyes" aims to show that()

A. these animals rarely need any rest

B. they almost always keep alert to danger

C. they often stay awake

D. their eyes are rarely closed even when they are asleep

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