(56) is a one-way function that takes an arbitrarily long piece of plaintext and from it computes a fixed-length bit string.
(57) is a protocol that most USENET machines now use it to allow news articles to propagate from one machine to another over a reliable connection.
(58) is an approach preferred by cable TV providers. In this solution the fiber terminates at an opto-electrical converter and the final segment is a shared coaxial cable.
(59) is a device used to connect two separate network that use different communication protocol.
(60) is a digital-to-digital polar encoding method in which the signal level is always either positive or negative.
A．NNI
B．NRZ
C．NAK
D．NVT