阅读理解。
As you dash outdoors in the middle of winter, you might make it halfway down the block before realizing
that your ears are freezing because you forgot your hat.
Now, scientists have shown that even though you've had an apparent memory lapse (丧失), your brain
never forgot what you should have done.
Memory works mainly by association. For example, as you try to remember where you left your keys,
you might recall you last had them in the living room, which reminds you that there was an ad for soap on
television, which reminds you that you need soap, and so on. And then, as you're heading out of the door to
buy soap, you remember that your keys are on the kitchen counter. Your brain knew where the keys were
all along. It just took a round-about way to get there.
Now, scientists at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies are studying associative memory in monkeys
to figure out just how this complicated process works.
First, the researchers trained a group of monkeys to remember arbitrary (任意的) pairs of symbols. The
researchers showed the monkeys one symbol (cold weather) and then gave them the choice of two other
symbols, one of which (a hat) would be associated with the first. A correct choice would earn them a sip of
their favorite juice.
Most of the monkeys performed the test perfectly, but one kept making mistakes.
"We wondered what happened in the brain when the monkey made the wrong choice, although it
apparently learned the right pairing of symbols," said study leader Thomas Albright.
Albright and his team observed signals from the nerve cells in the monkey's inferior temporal cortex (ITC),
an area of its brain used for visual pattern recognition and for storing this type of memory.
As the monkey was deciding which symbol to choose, about a quarter of the activity in the ITC was due
to the choice behavior.
Meanwhile, more than half the activity was in a different group of nerve cells, which scientists believe
represent the monkey's memory of the correct symbol pairing, and surprisingly, these cells continued to fire
even when the monkey chose the wrong symbol.
"In this sense, the cells 'knew' more than the monkeys let on in their behavior," Albright said. "Thus,
behavior may vary, but knowledge endures."
1. The example of the keys and soap is given to explain the relationship between ______. [ ]
A. memory lapse and human brain
B. memory and association
C. memory and television ads
D. memory and our daily life
2. Which of the following best expresses the general idea of the text? [ ]
A. Your brain may forget something, but not always.
B. Activity is a round-about way to memory.
C. Your brain remembers what you forget.
D. Monkeys have better memory than us.
3. The researchers believe the monkey that made the wrong choice ______. [ ]
A. also knew the correct answer
B. had the worst memory
C. failed to see the objects well
D. had some trouble with its nerve system
4. The underlined word "endures" may be best replaced by ______. [ ]
A. disappears
B. increases
C. improves
D. remains