阅读下面一篇文章,完成问题。 绿色能源背后隐藏环境风险 当新能源被冠以绿色头衔

题型:阅读理解与欣赏

问题:

阅读下面一篇文章,完成问题。

绿色能源背后隐藏环境风险

  当新能源被冠以绿色头衔时,我们以为只要使用它们,清新的空气、洁净的水源,以及经历巨变而焕发新生的经济就将呈现在我们面前。然而事情绝非如此简单。

  首先,生物能源的扩张可能对日益宝贵的土地资源和水资源产生进一步的压力。能源作物与粮食作物存在争地抢水风险。按照目前的生产条件,大约需要2500升的水才能生产1升的液态生物能源,而同样数量的水所能生产的粮食却可满足一个人的日均食物需求。由于第二代生物燃料以麦秆、草和木材等为主要原料,导致速生树种大量种植,对物种多样的天然生态森林造成破坏——棕榈油就是“典范”:1986年随后的20年间,印尼棕榈树种植面积增长近10倍,但自1990年起,印尼有2800万公顷雨林遭到破坏。对生物燃料的渴求甚至会加剧人类的不平等状况,如土地所有权的进一步集中、小农和依赖森林生存的人们流离失所;粮价将继续飙升,使如中国这样的粮食进口大国愈陷被动。

  不仅如此,作物的种植、能源的提炼和运输也需要能源,而生物能源生产全过程所排放的温室气体,也并不一定比化石燃料少。

  实际上,关于绿色能源的争议并非只针对生物能源。

  备受争议的还有国内近来风波不断的太阳能光伏发电产业。去年9月,因浙江晶科能源有限公司不当堆放含氟固体废料,一场暴雨后,附近河水中氟离子超标9倍,造成河道大量鱼类死亡。事实上,生产一块1mx1.5m的太阳能板必须能耗超过40公斤煤。同时,作为光伏产业基础材料的多晶硅本身即属于高能耗、高污染产品,从生产工业硅到太阳能电池全过程综合电耗约220万千瓦时/兆瓦,而且多晶硅生产的副产物四氯化硅如处理不当也将对环境造成极大破坏。此外,光伏系统所使用的蓄电池所舍有的铅、镉、硫酸等有毒物质都可能对土壤、地下水等造成污染,而这也正是电动摩托和电动汽车大发展后可能对环境带来的深远伤害。

  其实,即便被广泛认为百分百“绿色”的水电和风能,给环境带来的污染破坏也不容忽视。 2010年12月,环境保护部污染防治司副司长凌江表示“水电在某种程度上可能比火电造成的污染更严重。”单是因电站的修建导致的水质污染、沼气排放、生态多样性危机、湿地消失、泥沙淤积、地震威胁等接踵而至的环保问题似乎已经足够将水电挤出清洁能源的行列,尚还不包括庞大的移民安置费用及部分跨省外迁移民因移致贫及产生的。理疾惠等社会问题。

  与此同时,风力发电在大量减少二氧化碳排放方面所发挥的作用也被打上问号。因为风并不总是存在,风力发电设备就必须使用火力发电方式来抵消风力的不可靠,结果造成二氧化碳减排效果不明显。丹麦是大力推广风能的国家,1999年到2007年间,风能发电量翻番。丹麦天然气和电网运营商数据显示,2007年丹麦生产电力所排放的二氧化碳量与1990年大体相当。显然,丹麦的二氧化碳排放量并未因为风能发电的普及而有所减少。

  并且,生物能源、水能、风能等技术的占地面积要比化石能源技术高得多(生物能源的占地最多相当于煤炭的近100倍)。一个日产6万立方米天然气的老天然气井的单位发电量,竟相当于风力涡轮发电站的20倍。除去基站本身,风力发电往往地点偏僻,从发电地点到城市之间还有几千公里的高压输电系统。

  人类需要基本的能源服务,而每一种能源都会产生利弊两种影响。所以,我们应该对绿色能源的环境风险,有更加充分、理性的了解。(选自《国际先驱导报》,有删改)

1.第二段中说“2500升的水才能生产1升的液态生物能源,而同样数量的水所能生产的粮食却可满足一个人的日均食物需求”,作者的意思是(     )

A.生产液态生物能源和生产粮食的耗水量是相同的。

B.生产粮食比生产生物燃料更有价值。

C.液态生物能源的生产消耗了大量宝贵的水资源,存在与粮食作物抢水的风险。

D.能源可以促进经济发展,粮食可以保障人口安全,所以两者都要抓。

2.下列表述不符合原文意思的一项是(     )

A.生物能源的无节制生产将对日益宝贵的土地资源和水资源产生进一步的压力。

B.太阳能在生产过程中也存在高能耗、高污染问题,如处理不当将对环境造成极大破坏。

C.关于绿色能源的争议涉及的能源类别有:生物能源、太阳能、水能和风能等。

D.水电站的修建会导致水质污染、沼气排放、生态多样性危机、湿地消失、泥沙淤积、地震等环保问题。

3.下列推断不符合原文意思的是(     )

A.文章标题意为:绿色能源对人类的自然环境和社会环境均具有潜在危险。

B.用甘蔗造酒精、用玉米制汽油、用太阳能加热洗澡水,不一定是正确的。

C.我们在推广绿色能源时,不能仅止于强调能源使用环节的清洁,而忽略了能源产品从最初研发直至最终消耗整个过程中的污染或清洁状况。

D.发不发展各种新型绿色能源,专家们众说纷纭,莫衷一是。

考点:现代文阅读
题型:阅读理解与欣赏

Two Christmas traditions have come under attack in recent years from environmentalists: Christmas cards and Christmas trees.

Paper cards are seen as wasteful and, for some people, going card-free is another way of going green. They also argue that in a world of e-mail, Skype, Facebook and Twitter, people are in touch all the time anyway; they no longer need the yearly card that connects them with long lost friends. If you want to send Christmas greetings, there are free e-cards, which get the job done with no postage or wasted paper.

However, especially for people who didn’t grow up with e-mail, there is something missing from a Christmas e-mail. The first Christmas cards appeared in London in 1843 and were designed by the same man who had introduced the world’s first postage stamp three years earlier. His name was Sir Henry Cole.

They rose in popularity throughout the 20th century. Many people sent cards that were sold for charity. The most famous of these are the ones sold for UNICEF. In the UK this year, in the three weeks before Christmas, the post office expects to handle 100 million cards every day. Environmental awareness also means that nowadays many people recycle their cards; this helps raise money to plant more trees, as well as recreating more paper.

When we think of trees at Christmas, there is one that immediately springs(跃入)mind---the evergreen tree that people decorate with ornaments and place their presents under. The custom dates back almost a thousand years to Germany. Nowadays 33 to 36 million Christmas trees are produced in America and 50 to 60 million in Europe each year. Some trees are sold live with roots and soil so people can plant them later and reuse them next year.

Some people prefer artificial trees as they are reusable and much cheaper than their natural alternative. However, environmentalists point out that they are made from petroleum (石油) products and so have many pollution issues.

小题1:What is the main idea of the article?

A.To introduce the history of two typical Christmas traditions.

B.To explain the debate about some Christmas traditions.

C.To analyze how two Christmas traditions grew in popularity.

D.To point out the problems caused by celebrating Christmas.小题2:What does the underlined word “They” in the fourth paragraph probably mean?

A.Many people

B.Christmas e-mails

C.Postage stamps

D.Christmas cards小题3:Some people suggest getting rid of paper cards because     .

a. they cannot be recycled         b. they are not environmentally friendly

c. they are mostly sold for charity  d. the e-cards have many advantages over them

e. they are not as necessary as they used to be for people

A.a, b, d

B.a, c, d

C.b, d, e

D.b, c, e小题4:What can we conclude from the article?

A.The first Christmas cards were designed earlier than the world’s first stamps.

B.This year has seen a dramatic drop in Christmas card sales.

C.Environmentalists advise people to buy cards that are sold for charity.

D.Growing environmental awareness is encouraging people to recycle their cards.小题5:Which of the following statements in TRUE according to the article?

A.There is always a wider Christmas tree market in America than in Europe.

B.The custom of decorating Christmas trees first appeared in Britain.

C.Some people prefer to buy live trees that can be reused next year.

D.Artificial trees are better than natural ones in all aspects.

题型:阅读理解与欣赏

选择产品组合策略需要依据( )。

A.市场需求

B.项目的资源

C.燃料供应方案

D.设备情况

E.资金情况

题型:阅读理解与欣赏

选定项目Y的基准时下列不合适的是()

A.项目CTQ和项目Y必须要有一一对应关系

B.相对离散型Y来说,最好尽可能选择连续型的Y

C.数据收集要容易

D.要与CTQ有很好的连接

题型:阅读理解与欣赏

法国的启蒙运动反映了一个历史时代的特征,主要是因为启蒙思想()

A.迎合了新兴资产阶级夺取 * * 和发展资本主义的需要

B.是当时世界上最进步的思想,影响了全世界

C.适应了宗教改革运动的要求

D.是资产阶级实施天赋 * * 、自由平等的实践

题型:阅读理解与欣赏

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